DIABETES MELLITUS

                               DIABETES MELLITUS

“Diabetes mellitus is increase amount of glucose inside the body because body doesn't produce enough amount of insulin for utilizing the glucose.”

    CAUSES :
Hypo-function of beta-cells inside the 
pancreas,smoking,alcohol,hypertension ,obesity, age is also a factor for the disease, genetic cause or heredity and it also depend on the topical region of living on the basis of race and backgrounds.

PATHOGENESIS(mechanism):
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which functioning of pancreas is mainly associated as disturbance of insulin production and working takes place in this particular Heterocrine(having both endocrine and exocrine function) gland which  play a major role in human body. Pancreas works for some of the major processes such as controlling the blood sugar levels and also controls metabolism of our body. 
Pancreas consists of three cells which are involved in controlling of blood sugar levels.
             

1. Alpha cells= secretion of Glucagon is done by these cells when blood glucose levels are low
2. Beta cells=secretion of Insulin is done by these cells when blood glucose levels are high
3. Delta cells=these cells release a special enzyme called Somatostatin which maintain the levels of insulin and glucose release.

      So the conclusion is that if  beta cells doesn’t secrete enough Insulin and our cells stop responding to the insulin produced by the body then these are the signs of diabetes mellitus starting to show its effect on the organs of the human body.

CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES 

1.TYPE I Diabetes mellitus

2.TYPE II Diabetes mellitus 

TYPE I{JUVENILE DIABETES}

It is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in which our immune system attack the beta cells of pancreas and due this no insulin or less amount of insulin is produced that is why a person have to depend on insulin to control the blood sugar.

CAUSE: 
When the immune system and the body system fighting against infections due to this the immune cells destroy the beta cells of pancreas or by the genetical and environmental factor such as viral infectionsj

SYMPTOMS

• weight loss
• blurred vision
• fatigue
• dehydration
• mood swings
• specific smell in urine
• polyphagia
• dysuria

 TREATMENT: Insulin injections intravenously depends on the dose required in patient body (insulin injections  dose is decided by the doctors as per the laboratory tests)

TYPE II{ ADULT ONSET DIABETES}

  It is non-insulin dependent diabetes in which body produce enough amount of insulin but body resists to the effect of insulin that is why also called as insulin resistant diabetes but if a person do not take enough diet and medications to treat the type 2 diabetes it can progress and can lead to type 1 diabetes which happens due to decreasing ability of pancreas to produce insulin for the body.

CAUSE:Genetics ,overweight and environmental factors.

SYMPTOMS

• Slow healing 
• hearing impairment
• cataract
•  hypertension
• ketone bodies in urine
• neuropathy
• retinopathy
• sleep apnea
  
  

TREATMENT: 

•  Anti-diabetic drugs 
• Regular exercises
• Diet (eating food in 3-4 hour intervals in small portions)
• Control blood pressure and cholesterol level

“Blood glucose levels should be between 80 to 130mg/dl before the meals (fasting) and less than 180 mg/dl before taking meals.”


 DIAGNOSIS

• Blood glucose measurements 
• Fasting glucose tests
• Oral glucose tolerance test
• Urine culture (for ketone bodies)

           "TIPS:PRECAUTION IS BETTER THAN CURE!"

•                                                                -By DR.RAVI RANJAN